IUU Fishing Di Laut Natuna Utara, Laut Sulawesi Dan Selat Malaka – Juni 2021

Pendahuluan

Analisis ini mengamati kegiatan kapal ikan asing pelaku IUU Fishing1 di Laut Natuna Utara WPPNRI 7112 pada bulan Juni 2021 berdasarkan data AIS (Automatic Identification System)3 dan Citra Satelit4. Dugaan kuat kapal-kapal tersebut adalah kapal ikan Vietnam dapat diamati pada data AIS 3 digit prefiks nomor MMSI 574 yang merupakan prefiks MMSI negara Vietnam. Untuk memperkuat analisis berdasarkan AIS, IOJI juga melakukan analisis yang sama berdasarkan Citra Satelit untuk mendeteksi kapal Vietnam yang tidak menggunakan AIS di zona identifikasi kapal Vietnam yang terdeteksi berdasarkan AIS. Jumlah kapal Vietnam yang berhasil terdeteksi baik berdasarkan Citra Satelit maupun AIS mengalami penurunan dibandingkan dengan deteksi selama bulan Mei 20215.

Dengan metode yang sama kapal-kapal asing terdeteksi juga di wilayah perbatasan Indonesia dengan Filipina di WPPNRI 7166, dan Selat Malaka wilayah perbatasan Indonesia dengan Malaysia di WPPNRI 571.

IUU Fishing Di Laut Natuna Utara

Analisis Berdasarkan AIS

Tabel 1 berisi daftar nama 11 kapal Vietnam yang diduga melakukan illegal fishing di Laut Natuna Utara (ZEE Indonesia, WPPNRI 711) selama bulan Juni 2021. Jumlah kapal ikan Vietnam yang terdeteksi di bulan Juni 2021 lebih sedikit dibandingkan jumlah di bulan Mei 20217. Pada bulan Mei 2021 terdeteksi kapal ikan Vietnam di Laut Natuna Utara sebanyak 24 kapal ikan.

Tabel 1. Deteksi 11 Kapal Ikan Vietnam di ZEE Indonesia, Juni 2021. Sumber: AIS (Marine Traffic)


Gambar 1. Deteksi Sebaran 11 Kapal Vietnam Pelaku Pencurian Ikan di Laut Natuna Utara, Juni 2021. Sumber: AIS (Marine Traffic)

Posisi kapal-kapal pada Tabel 1 pada peta terlihat pada Gambar 1 yang menjelaskan sebaran deteksi kapal Vietnam yang berada pada zona utara Laut Natuna Utara.

Analisis Berdasarkan Citra Satelit

Deteksi kapal ikan Vietnam berdasarkan Citra Satelit dilakukan dengan cara mengamati keberadaan kapal dengan pola berpasangan8 di area ZEE Indonesia Laut Natuna Utara (di wilayah terdeteksinya keberadaan kapal Vietnam berdasarkan AIS). Berikut ini daftar scene9 Citra Satelit dan jumlah kapal ikan Vietnam yang berhasil terdeteksi selama bulan Juni 2021.


Tabel 2. Sejumlah Kapal Ikan Vietnam Terdeteksi pada Sejumlah Scene Citra Satelit


Gambar 2. Deteksi Sebaran Kapal Ikan Pelaku Pencurian Ikan di Laut Natuna Utara, Juni 2021. Sumber: Citra Satelit

Gambar 2 menunjukkan deteksi sebaran kapal ikan Vietnam berdasarkan sejumlah scene Citra Satelit pada Tabel 2. Jumlah kapal Vietnam yang terdeteksi di Laut Natuna Utara pada bulan Juni 2021 berdasarkan Citra Satelit menunjukkan penurunan dibandingkan dengan jumlah yang terdeteksi di bulan Mei 202110. Pada bulan Mei 2021, jumlah kapal ikan yang berhasil terdeteksi berdasarkan Citra Satelit dapat mencapai 50-an kapal dalam satu hari. Namun, di bulan Juni 2021 hanya belasan kapal ikan pair trawl Vietnam yang berhasil terdeteksi dalam satu hari seperti Tabel 2.

Penurunan jumlah kapal Vietnam pelaku illegal fishing yang terdeteksi di Laut Natuna Utara diduga disebabkan oleh cuaca selama bulan Juni lebih banyak berawan dan terjadi hujan. Selain itu, tinggi gelombang Laut Natuna pada pertengahan hingga akhir Juni 2021 mengalami tren peningkatan namun tergolong sedang, tidak terlalu tinggi, hanya berkisar antara 1 hingga 2 meter. Peningkatan kasus covid-19 pada bulan Juni 2021 di Vietnam mungkin menjadi penyebab menurunnya aktivitas penangkapan ikan Vietnam di ZEE Indonesia. Namun, hal tersebut masih perlu diteliti lebih lanjut.

Analisis Overlay AIS dan Citra Satelit

Gambar 4 merupakan visualisasi penggabungan deteksi kapal ikan Vietnam berdasarkan data AIS berwarna merah dan Citra Satelit berwarna biru. Selain sebaran kapal ikan tersebut, terdeteksi juga kapal patroli pengawas perikanan Vietnam Kiem-Ngu Vietnam Fisheries Resource Surveillance (VFRS) berwarna hijau, yang selalu hadir di sepanjang garis landas kontinen Indonesia-Vietnam untuk mendukung kegiatan penangkapan ikan secara ilegal di Laut Natuna Utara oleh kapal-kapal ikan Vietnam. Pada Gambar 4 dapat dilihat aktivitas pencurian ikan terpusat di zona utara Laut Natuna Utara.


Gambar 4.
Overlay Sebaran Deteksi Kapal Ikan Vietnam Berdasarkan AIS dan Citra Satelit pada Juni 2021

Dugaan Kehadiran Kapal Pengangkut Ikan (Fish Carrier)

Berdasarkan data Citra Satelit, pada tanggal 16 Juni 2021 di Laut Natuna Utara terdeteksi 2 (dua) kapal pengangkut ikan (Fish Carrier/Reefer) yang diduga mendukung operasi pencurian ikan kapal-kapal ikan Vietnam yang menggunakan alat tangkap pair trawl. Gambar 5 menunjukkan dua kapal yang diperkirakan berukuran masing-masing 80 meter yang diduga sebagai kapal pengangkut ikan berdasarkan Citra Satelit scene T48NXM_20210616T030541_TCI. Dugaan kapal tersebut adalah kapal pengangkut ikan berdasarkan lokasi kapal ikan pair trawl yang terdeteksi tidak jauh dari lokasi kapal pengangkut tersebut. Lokasi koordinat kapal pengangkut berada pada sekitar koordinat 106.4911, 5.5 sedangkan lokasi kapal ikan pair trawl terdeteksi berada pada koordinat 106.3884, 5.580 dan 106.5802, 5.412. Gambar 5 memberikan visualisasi kapal pengangkut ikan yang terdeteksi berdasarkan Citra Satelit.

Gambar 5. Dua Kapal Pengangkut Ikan di Laut Natuna Utara pada 16 Juni 2021. (Sumber: Citra Satelit)

Ancaman IUU Fishing Oleh Kapal Asing Di Laut Sulawesi

Berdasarkan data AIS class B pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021 pukul 00:34:52 UTC11 terdeteksi sebuah kapal dengan nomor MMSI 548742600 di perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina di Laut Sulawesi pada sebuah lokasi koordinat 127.6861, 6.4763 dengan arah haluan 119.6° dan kecepatan rendah 0.2 knot12. Prefix 548 merupakan prefix MMSI kapal Filipina. Informasi kapal tersebut di dekat garis batas ZEE Indonesia-Filipina memunculkan kecurigaan kehadiran kapal ikan asal Filipina yang melakukan kegiatan illegal fishing.

IOJI melakukan overlay data AIS tersebut dengan Citra Satelit pada lokasi dan tanggal yang sama. Hasil overlay tersebut dapat dilihat pada Gambar 6. Citra Satelit yang ditampilkan pada Gambar 6 merupakan Citra Satelit scene T52NCN_20210622T020451_TCI yang ditangkap pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021 waktu pengambilan pukul 02:04:51 UTC. Scene Citra Satelit tersebut hanya memiliki jeda waktu kurang dari 2 jam dengan data transmisi AIS dari kapal dengan MMSI 548742600 di atas.

Berdasarkan Citra Satelit tersebut terdeteksi 2 buah objek tidak bergerak yang salah satunya diduga merupakan kapal ikan asal Filipina dengan MMSI 548742600. Sedangkan objek lainnya juga diduga sebagai kapal ikan Filipina yang lain. Kedua objek tersebut tampak berada di dalam wilayah ZEE Indonesia sekitar 3 s.d 4 km dari garis batas ZEE Indonesia-Filipina. Ukuran objek yang diduga kapal tersebut diperkirakan sekitar 20 meter. Deteksi objek tersebut berada pada lokasi 127.7373, 6.3875. Visualisasi pendeteksian objek-objek tersebut dapat dilihat pada Gambar 6.


Gambar 6.  Deteksi objek yang diduga kapal ikan Filipina di perbatasan ZEE Indonesia – Filipina berdasarkan Citra Satelit
(overlay dengan Data AIS kapal dengan MMSI 548782600 pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021).

Gambar 7.  Objek Terdeteksi Citra Satelit Berbeda dengan Objek Awan Yang Memiliki Bayangan. Objek Yang Diduga Kapal Tidak Memiliki Bayangan

Dugaan objek tersebut merupakan kapal dan bukan merupakan awan, dapat dibedakan berdasarkan pengamatan Citra Satelit objek tersebut tidak memiliki bayangan sebagaimana objek awan seperti Gambar 7. 

Gambar 8.  Deteksi objek berdasarkan Citra Satelit yang diduga kapal ikan seperti pada Gambar 7 yang diperbesar.
Ukuran Panjang objek tersebut sekitar 20 meter.

Ancaman IUU Fishing Oleh Kapal Asing Di Selat Malaka

Berdasarkan data AIS, IOJI mendeteksi sebuah kapal ikan Malaysia yang bernama KHF 2659 dengan ukuran panjang kapal 15 meter melanggar batas ZEE Indonesia-Malaysia dalam wilayah ZEE Indonesia di selat malaka pada tanggal 19 Juni 2021 pukul 06:11 UTC13. Kapal tersebut terdeteksi pada lokasi koordinat 99.2102, 4.1727. Kapal tersebut kemudian mematikan AIS hingga pukul 15:42 UTC. Kapal tersebut berada di ZEE Indonesia selama kurang lebih 9 jam dengan mematikan AIS. Kapal tersebut diduga kuat melakukan kegiatan illegal fishing di ZEE Indonesia. Lintasan kapal tersebut dapat dilihat pada Gambar 9 berikut ini. Garis putus-putus pada Gambar 9 menunjukkan kejadian kapal mematikan AIS. Dapat dilihat pada Gambar 9, saat berada di wilayah ZEE Indonesia, kapal tersebut mematikan AIS ditandai dengan garis putus-putus. Kapal tersebut meninggalkan Indonesia menuju Malaysia setelah melakukan pencurian ikan di wilayah ZEE Indonesia.

Gambar 9. Deteksi kapal Malaysia yang memasuki wilayah ZEE Indonesia berdasarkan AIS pada 19 Juni 2021

Patroli Kapal Pengawas Indonesia

Pada tanggal 22 Juni 2021 Kapal Pengawas Perikanan (KP) Hiu 03 berhasil menangkap kapal berbendera Malaysia bernama SLFA 5296 di perairan Selat Malaka. Pada tanggal 24 Juni 2021 KP Orca 04 berhasil menangkap kapal FB.ca YAYA-3 yang berbendera Filipina di ZEEI Laut Sulawesi14. Penghargaan IOJI terhadap kapal patroli Indonesia yang telah berhasil menangkap kapal ikan asing yang melakukan pencurian ikan di wilayah-wilayah rawan tersebut.

Kesimpulan

Berdasarkan informasi dan data yang dihimpun dalam analisis ini, kami menyimpulkan bahwa aktivitas pencurian ikan oleh kapal ikan Vietnam di Laut Natuna Utara pada bulan Juni 2021 masih berlanjut di pusat pencurian ikan zona Laut Natuna Utara, pada koordinat 5° 12’ 00’’ LU s.d 6° 35’ 00’’ LU dan 105° 30’ 00’’ BT s.d. 109°12’ 00’’ BT. Namun demikian, jumlah kapal yang terdeteksi mengalami penurunan apabila dibandingkan dengan bulan-bulan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan AIS dapat dimonitor kapal ikan asing di wilayah perbatasan yang rawan terjadi pencurian ikan seperti di Selat Malaka WPPNRI 571 dan Laut Sulawesi WPPNRI 716.

Rekomendasi

  1. Kapal ikan Vietnam yang diduga menangkap ikan secara ilegal di WPPNRI 711 berada di wilayah yang jelas merupakan ZEE Indonesia di luar overlapping area. Hal ini merupakan bentuk pelanggaran terhadap hak berdaulat (sovereign right) Indonesia.
  2. Terkait dengan ancaman illegal fishing oleh kapal ikan Vietnam di Laut Natuna Utara, Pemerintah perlu mempercepat penyelesaian penyusunan provisional arrangement Indonesia dan Vietnam tanpa melupakan pentingnya percepatan penyelesaian batas ZEE Indonesia dan Vietnam, sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 74 UNCLOS.
  3. Pemerintah perlu meningkatkan frekuensi patroli di Laut Natuna Utara (WPPNRI 711), Selat Malaka (WPPNRI 571) dan wilayah perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina (WPPNRI 716).
  4. Disamping itu sangat penting merevitalisasi Pokmaswas (Kelompok Pengawas Masyarakat) untuk mendukung pengawasan perikanan di Laut Natuna Utara bagian utara mendekati garis batas Landas Kontinen Indonesia – Vietnam sampai ke batas terluar klaim unilateral ZEE Indonesia.
  1. IUU = Illegal Unreported Unregulated
  2. WPPNRI 711 adalah Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia 711 yang meliputi Laut Natuna Utara
  3. Sumber data AIS diperoleh dari perangkat Marine Traffic
  4. Sumber data Citra Satelit diambil dari Citra Satelit Sentinel-2 yang diunduh dari perangkat lunak Copernicus Open Access Hub milik European Space Agency (ESA). Scene Citra Satelit dipilih dengan memperhatikan kualitas dengan noise keberadaan awan yang minimal.
  5. https://oceanjusticeinitiative.org/2021/07/02/iuu-fishing-di-laut-natuna-utara-mei-2021/
  6. WPPNRI 716 adalah Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia 716 yang meliputi Laut Sulawesi
  7. Analisis IUUF IOJI bulan Mei 2021
  8. Pola berpasangan adalah pola umum kapal ikan Vietnam yang menggunakan alat tangkap Pair Trawl
  9. Sebuah scene citra satelit Sentinel-2 rata-rata meliputi area seluas 100 km2. Penamaan scene citra satelit mencerminkan tanggal dan waktu citra satelit tersebut diperoleh.
  10. https://oceanjusticeinitiative.org/2021/07/02/iuu-fishing-di-laut-natuna-utara-mei-2021/
  11. UTC=Universal Time Coordinated
  12. Sumber: Perangkat Monitor AIS Exact Earth
  13. Berdasarkan Perangkat Monitoring AIS Marine Traffic
  14. https://bengkulu.antaranews.com/berita/166038/kkp-tangkap-kapal-pencuri-ikan-asal-malaysia-dan-filipina diakses pada 26 Juni 2021

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